How Epiphany is Celebrated, Especially in Bavaria

Epiphany, celebrated on January 6th, marks the end of the Christmas season and commemorates the Magi's visit to the Christ Child. While it is celebrated across Germany, Bavaria has some of the most unique and visually stunning traditions that draw both locals and visitors alike. From chalk blessings to the dramatic Epiphany fires in Pottenstein, this special day is steeped in history, faith, and Bavarian customs.

The word "Epiphany" comes from the Greek word "epiphaneia" (ἐπιφάνεια), which means "manifestation" or "appearance", and it refers to the manifestation of Jesus Christ as the Son of God to the world. With the arrival of the Magi, it also symbolized Jesus being revealed to the Gentiles.

The Twelve Days of Christmas and Epiphany

Epiphany, celebrated on the twelfth day of Christmas, symbolizes the journey of the three wise men to visit the baby Jesus. However, the Bible does not specify how many Magi there were, nor that they arrived 12 days after His birth.

Their journey may have taken weeks or even months, as implied by Herod’s decree to kill all children up to two years old (Matthew 2:16). The account of the Magi finding Jesus in a house, suggesting the family had moved from the stable, also challenges the traditional imagery of their visit occurring in the stable (Matthew 2:11). Why three Magi? Because it's assumed each brought only one of the three gifts: gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

Despite the uncertainty of the timing and the location, this tradition does serve as a meaningful way to honor both the birth of Christ and the recognition of His significance to all people, both Jew and Gentile.

Epiphany Traditions in Germany

In Germany, Dreikönigstag (Three Kings Day) is celebrated with a mix of religious and cultural customs.

In many regions, children dress as the Magi, complete with crowns and star-shaped lanterns, and go from house to house as part of the Sternsinger (Star Singers) tradition.

They sing carols and collect donations for charity, leaving a blessing written in chalk above doorways: “20+C+M+B+25,” which stands for Christus Mansionem Benedicat (May Christ bless this house) and the year. Below it shows what it looked like for 2016.

The chalk blessing tradition has a rich history rooted in Christian symbolism and is thought to date back to the Middle Ages. It serves as a way to ask for God’s protection over the home for the coming year.

Today, it is still practiced by many Roman Catholics and in some Protestant regions, particularly in countries like Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, and parts of the United States with strong German or Eastern European communities.

While these customs are observed throughout Germany, Bavaria stands out for its dramatic celebration of Epiphany fires, particularly in the small town of Pottenstein.

The Fires of Pottenstein

One of the most interesting Epiphany traditions is the lighting of mountain fires in Pottenstein, a picturesque town in Bavaria. Known locally as the Ewige Anbetung (Eternal Adoration), this event marks the end of a religious ceremony that has been practiced since the 18th century.

After the church service, the hills surrounding the town are set aglow with hundreds of small fires, creating a breathtaking spectacle that symbolizes the light of faith shining in the darkness. These fires symbolize hope, light, and the enduring power of faith to bring people together.

Visitors and locals alike gather to witness this stunning display. The fires not only serve as a spiritual tradition but also as a community event. For a closer look, take a look at this video of the fires in Pottenstein.

The Dreikönigskuchen (Three Kings Cake)

The Dreikö​nigskuchen is a traditional sweet bread made to honor the visit of the Magi. Often shaped like a crown, it symbolizes the kings’ crowns and is typically made with soft, yeasted dough, lightly sweetened and sometimes flavored with raisins, candied orange peel, or almond paste.

A fun custom involves hiding a small figurine, nut, or almond inside the cake, and whoever finds it in their slice is crowned “king” or “queen” for the day. This tradition reflects the Magi’s search for the infant Jesus. Similar cakes are enjoyed in other cultures, such as the French Galette des Rois or the Spanish Roscón de Reyes.

We grew up with Mutti making a Königskuchen (king's cake), but a non-yeasted version. I think it was her way of making something special for a day we didn't celebrate (not being Catholic). It was what she often served during the holidays, and it's something I like to make as well. Hubby and I love it thickly buttered and covered with black currant jam. Lecker.

Experience Epiphany, Especially in Bavaria

Epiphany in Bavaria is such a heartwarming mix of tradition, faith, and community. Imagine chalking blessings over doorways, savoring Dreikö​nigskuchen (who knows—you might find the king!), and marveling at the mountain fires in Pottenstein. 

Why not plan a trip to Germany to soak it all in? Or bring a little Epiphany to your own winter days and let its light shine on!

Epiphany FAQ

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